{"dataset":{"name":"U.S. Drinking Water Quality — Contaminant Measurements","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","homepage":"https://www.thewatermap.com"},"meta":{"generatedAt":"2026-05-25T20:08:14.475Z"},"system":{"slug":"metro__232__fairfield","name":"Fairfield","state":"CA","year":2024,"url":"https://www.thewatermap.com/water/ca/fairfield/2024","apiUrl":"https://www.thewatermap.com/api/water/ca/fairfield/2024","markdownUrl":"https://www.thewatermap.com/water/ca/fairfield/2024/llms.txt","coordinates":{"latitude":38.2493581,"longitude":-122.039966},"contaminantsMeasured":22,"contaminantsWithFederalLimit":17,"contaminantsAtOrAboveLimit":0,"contaminantsApproachingLimit":0,"source":{"type":"Consumer Confidence Report (CCR)","description":"Figures are transcribed from the water utility's own annual Consumer Confidence Report, cross-checked by a second model, and approved by a person before publishing."},"families":[{"family":"disinfectant","familyLabel":"Disinfectants","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"chlorine","name":"Chlorine","family":"disinfectant","familyLabel":"Disinfectants","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A disinfectant added to drinking water to kill bacteria and viruses.","whyItMatters":"Effective and necessary, but high residual levels can cause taste and odor issues; the EPA caps the residual disinfectant level.","measured":{"value":0.61,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.61","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.61"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MRDL","value":4,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0.61,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.61","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"0.61"},{"value":1.62,"low":0,"high":1.62,"kind":"range","display":"0–1.62","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"< 0.10 – 1.62"}]}]},{"family":"disinfection_byproduct","familyLabel":"Disinfection byproducts","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"haa5","name":"HAA5","family":"disinfection_byproduct","familyLabel":"Disinfection byproducts","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Haloacetic acids — a group of five disinfection byproducts formed when disinfectants react with organic matter.","whyItMatters":"Long-term exposure above the federal limit is associated with an increased cancer risk.","measured":{"value":18,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"18","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"18"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":60,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":26,"low":4.7,"high":26,"kind":"range","display":"4.7–26","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"4.7 – 26.0"},{"value":18,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"18","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"18"}]},{"analyteId":"tthm","name":"TTHM","family":"disinfection_byproduct","familyLabel":"Disinfection byproducts","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Total trihalomethanes — a group of four chemicals (including chloroform) formed when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter.","whyItMatters":"Long-term exposure above the federal limit is linked to liver, kidney, and central-nervous-system effects and increased cancer risk.","measured":{"value":58,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"58","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"58"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":80,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":58,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"58","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"58"},{"value":79,"low":19,"high":79,"kind":"range","display":"19–79","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"19.0 – 79.0"}]}]},{"family":"inorganic","familyLabel":"Inorganic chemicals","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"chloride","name":"Chloride","family":"inorganic","familyLabel":"Inorganic chemicals","casrn":"16887-00-6","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring salt compound.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels cause a salty taste and can corrode pipes.","measured":{"value":10,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"10","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"10"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":500,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":10,"low":8.6,"high":10,"kind":"range","display":"8.6–10","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"8.6 – 10"},{"value":10,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"10","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"10"}]},{"analyteId":"fluoride","name":"Fluoride","family":"inorganic","familyLabel":"Inorganic chemicals","casrn":"16984-48-8","whatItIs":"A mineral often added to drinking water to help prevent tooth decay.","whyItMatters":"Beneficial at low levels, but long-term exposure above the federal limit can cause bone disease and tooth mottling.","measured":{"value":0.71,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.71","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.71"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":2,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0.8,"low":0.6,"high":0.8,"kind":"range","display":"0.6–0.8","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.60 - 0.80"},{"value":0.71,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.71","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.71"}]},{"analyteId":"sulfate","name":"Sulfate","family":"inorganic","familyLabel":"Inorganic chemicals","casrn":"14808-79-8","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring mineral from rock and soil.","whyItMatters":"No health-based federal limit; high levels can have a laxative effect and a bitter taste.","measured":{"value":45,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"45","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"45"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":500,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":45,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"45","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"45"},{"value":50,"low":36,"high":50,"kind":"range","display":"36–50","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"36 – 50"}]}]},{"family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"aluminum","name":"Aluminum","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7429-90-5","whatItIs":"A common element sometimes used as a treatment coagulant.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels can discolor water.","measured":{"value":72,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"72","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"72"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":200,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"ND"},{"value":230,"low":32,"high":230,"kind":"range","display":"32–230","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"32 – 230"},{"value":0.23,"low":0,"high":0.23,"kind":"range","display":"0–0.23","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"ND - 0.23"},{"value":72,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"72","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"72"}]},{"analyteId":"copper","name":"Copper","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7440-50-8","whatItIs":"A metal that enters water from corroding household plumbing.","whyItMatters":"Short-term exposure causes stomach distress; long-term exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.","measured":{"value":0.17,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.17","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.170"},"federalStandard":{"type":"AL","value":1.3,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0.17,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.17","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","rawVerbatim":"0.170"}]},{"analyteId":"iron","name":"Iron","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-89-6","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring metal common in groundwater.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; causes rusty color, staining, and metallic taste.","measured":{"value":21,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"21","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"21"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":300,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":21,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"21","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"21"},{"value":170,"low":0,"high":170,"kind":"range","display":"0–170","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"<10 – 170"}]},{"analyteId":"lead","name":"Lead","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-92-1","whatItIs":"A toxic metal that leaches into water from old service lines, solder, and plumbing fixtures.","whyItMatters":"There is no safe level of lead; it harms brain development in children and raises blood pressure in adults. The EPA sets an action level, not a health goal above zero.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","censored":true,"detectionLimit":5,"rawVerbatim":"< 5.0"},"federalStandard":{"type":"AL","value":15,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","rawVerbatim":"< 5.0"}]},{"analyteId":"lithium","name":"Lithium","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-93-2","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring element found in some groundwater.","whyItMatters":"No enforceable federal limit; on the EPA contaminant candidate list for further study.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","censored":true,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"ND"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"ND"}]},{"analyteId":"manganese","name":"Manganese","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-96-5","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring metal from soil and rock.","whyItMatters":"No enforceable federal limit; high levels stain fixtures and laundry and can affect taste, with a health advisory for infants.","measured":{"value":24,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"24","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"24"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":50,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":170,"low":0,"high":170,"kind":"range","display":"0–170","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"<20 – 170"},{"value":24,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"24","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"24"}]},{"analyteId":"sodium","name":"Sodium","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7440-23-5","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring salt component.","whyItMatters":"Not federally regulated for health; relevant for people on sodium-restricted diets.","measured":{"value":23,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"23","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"23"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"detected","label":"Detected — no federal limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":27,"low":19,"high":27,"kind":"range","display":"19–27","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"19 – 27"},{"value":23,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"23","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"23"}]}]},{"family":"microbial","familyLabel":"Microbial","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"ecoli","name":"Escherichia coli (E. coli)","family":"microbial","familyLabel":"Microbial","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Escherichia coli — bacteria found in the gut of humans and animals.","whyItMatters":"Its presence in drinking water indicates fecal contamination and a real risk of waterborne illness.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0","units":null,"statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"zone:Distribution System","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":0,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0","units":null,"statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"zone:Distribution System","rawVerbatim":"0"}]}]},{"family":"pfas","familyLabel":"PFAS (\"forever chemicals\")","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"pfas","name":"PFAS","family":"pfas","familyLabel":"PFAS (\"forever chemicals\")","casrn":null,"whatItIs":null,"whyItMatters":null,"measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","censored":true,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"ND"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"ND"}]}]},{"family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"hardness","name":"Hardness","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of dissolved calcium and magnesium minerals.","whyItMatters":"Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling, soap use, and taste.","measured":{"value":157,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"157","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"157"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"detected","label":"Detected — no federal limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":157,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"157","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"157"},{"value":239,"low":76,"high":239,"kind":"range","display":"76–239","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"76 – 239"}]},{"analyteId":"odor","name":"Odor","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of detectable smell in the water.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard.","measured":{"value":1.4,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"1.4","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"1.4"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":3,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":1.4,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"1.4","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"1.4"}]},{"analyteId":"specific_conductance","name":"Specific Conductance","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of how well water conducts electricity, which tracks dissolved mineral content.","whyItMatters":"Not federally regulated for health; used as a proxy for total dissolved solids.","measured":{"value":385,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"385","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"385"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":1600,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":648,"low":224,"high":648,"kind":"range","display":"224–648","units":null,"statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"224 – 648"},{"value":385,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"385","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"385"}]},{"analyteId":"toc","name":"TOC","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Total organic carbon — a measure of organic material dissolved in the water.","whyItMatters":"Not harmful itself, but it is the raw material that forms disinfection byproducts; removal is a treatment requirement.","measured":{"value":3.1,"low":1,"high":3.1,"kind":"range","display":"1–3.1","units":"%","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"All RAA ≥ 1.00\n1.4 – 3.1"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"detected","label":"Detected — no federal limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":3.1,"low":1,"high":3.1,"kind":"range","display":"1–3.1","units":"%","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"All RAA ≥ 1.00\n1.4 – 3.1"}]},{"analyteId":"tds","name":"Total Dissolved Solids","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Total dissolved solids — the combined content of all dissolved minerals and salts.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels affect taste and hardness.","measured":{"value":226,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"226","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"226"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":1000,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":250,"low":180,"high":250,"kind":"range","display":"180–250","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"180 – 250"},{"value":226,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"226","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"226"}]},{"analyteId":"turbidity","name":"Turbidity","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of cloudiness from suspended particles in the water.","whyItMatters":"High turbidity can shelter microbes from disinfection; the EPA enforces it through a treatment-technique standard.","measured":{"value":0.11,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.11","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.11"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":5,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[{"context":"plant:Drinking Water","label":"Drinking Water","kind":"plant","units":"","average":{"value":0.11,"display":"0.11"},"range":{"low":0.041,"high":0.59,"display":"0.041–0.59"},"ratio":0.118},{"context":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System Waterman","label":"Entry Point to Distribution System Waterman","kind":"plant","units":"NTU","average":null,"range":null,"ratio":null},{"context":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System NBR","label":"Entry Point to Distribution System NBR","kind":"plant","units":"NTU","average":null,"range":null,"ratio":null}],"measurements":[{"value":0.1,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.1","units":"NTU","statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System NBR","rawVerbatim":"Maximum = 0.10\n100"},{"value":0.11,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.11","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.11"},{"value":0.2,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.2","units":"NTU","statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System Waterman","rawVerbatim":"Maximum = 0.20\n100"},{"value":0.59,"low":0.041,"high":0.59,"kind":"range","display":"0.041–0.59","units":null,"statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.041– 0.59"}]}]},{"family":"radionuclide","familyLabel":"Radionuclides","contaminants":[{"analyteId":"combined_radium","name":"Combined Radium","family":"radionuclide","familyLabel":"Radionuclides","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Combined radium-226 and radium-228 — naturally occurring radioactive elements.","whyItMatters":"Long-term exposure above the federal limit increases the risk of bone cancer.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"pCi/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Source Water North Bay Aqueduct","censored":true,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"ND"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":5,"units":"pCi/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"pCi/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Source Water North Bay Aqueduct","rawVerbatim":"ND"},{"value":1.17,"low":0,"high":1.17,"kind":"range","display":"0–1.17","units":"pCi/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Source Water North Bay Aqueduct","rawVerbatim":"ND - 1.17"}]}]}],"contaminants":[{"analyteId":"chlorine","name":"Chlorine","family":"disinfectant","familyLabel":"Disinfectants","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A disinfectant added to drinking water to kill bacteria and viruses.","whyItMatters":"Effective and necessary, but high residual levels can cause taste and odor issues; the EPA caps the residual disinfectant level.","measured":{"value":0.61,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.61","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.61"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MRDL","value":4,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0.61,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.61","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"0.61"},{"value":1.62,"low":0,"high":1.62,"kind":"range","display":"0–1.62","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"< 0.10 – 1.62"}]},{"analyteId":"haa5","name":"HAA5","family":"disinfection_byproduct","familyLabel":"Disinfection byproducts","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Haloacetic acids — a group of five disinfection byproducts formed when disinfectants react with organic matter.","whyItMatters":"Long-term exposure above the federal limit is associated with an increased cancer risk.","measured":{"value":18,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"18","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"18"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":60,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":26,"low":4.7,"high":26,"kind":"range","display":"4.7–26","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"4.7 – 26.0"},{"value":18,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"18","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"18"}]},{"analyteId":"tthm","name":"TTHM","family":"disinfection_byproduct","familyLabel":"Disinfection byproducts","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Total trihalomethanes — a group of four chemicals (including chloroform) formed when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter.","whyItMatters":"Long-term exposure above the federal limit is linked to liver, kidney, and central-nervous-system effects and increased cancer risk.","measured":{"value":58,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"58","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"58"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":80,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":58,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"58","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"58"},{"value":79,"low":19,"high":79,"kind":"range","display":"19–79","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"19.0 – 79.0"}]},{"analyteId":"chloride","name":"Chloride","family":"inorganic","familyLabel":"Inorganic chemicals","casrn":"16887-00-6","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring salt compound.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels cause a salty taste and can corrode pipes.","measured":{"value":10,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"10","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"10"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":500,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":10,"low":8.6,"high":10,"kind":"range","display":"8.6–10","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"8.6 – 10"},{"value":10,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"10","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"10"}]},{"analyteId":"fluoride","name":"Fluoride","family":"inorganic","familyLabel":"Inorganic chemicals","casrn":"16984-48-8","whatItIs":"A mineral often added to drinking water to help prevent tooth decay.","whyItMatters":"Beneficial at low levels, but long-term exposure above the federal limit can cause bone disease and tooth mottling.","measured":{"value":0.71,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.71","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.71"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":2,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0.8,"low":0.6,"high":0.8,"kind":"range","display":"0.6–0.8","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.60 - 0.80"},{"value":0.71,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.71","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.71"}]},{"analyteId":"sulfate","name":"Sulfate","family":"inorganic","familyLabel":"Inorganic chemicals","casrn":"14808-79-8","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring mineral from rock and soil.","whyItMatters":"No health-based federal limit; high levels can have a laxative effect and a bitter taste.","measured":{"value":45,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"45","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"45"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":500,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":45,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"45","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"45"},{"value":50,"low":36,"high":50,"kind":"range","display":"36–50","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"36 – 50"}]},{"analyteId":"aluminum","name":"Aluminum","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7429-90-5","whatItIs":"A common element sometimes used as a treatment coagulant.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels can discolor water.","measured":{"value":72,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"72","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"72"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":200,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"ND"},{"value":230,"low":32,"high":230,"kind":"range","display":"32–230","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"32 – 230"},{"value":0.23,"low":0,"high":0.23,"kind":"range","display":"0–0.23","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"ND - 0.23"},{"value":72,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"72","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"72"}]},{"analyteId":"copper","name":"Copper","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7440-50-8","whatItIs":"A metal that enters water from corroding household plumbing.","whyItMatters":"Short-term exposure causes stomach distress; long-term exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.","measured":{"value":0.17,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.17","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.170"},"federalStandard":{"type":"AL","value":1.3,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0.17,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.17","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","rawVerbatim":"0.170"}]},{"analyteId":"iron","name":"Iron","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-89-6","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring metal common in groundwater.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; causes rusty color, staining, and metallic taste.","measured":{"value":21,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"21","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"21"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":300,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":21,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"21","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"21"},{"value":170,"low":0,"high":170,"kind":"range","display":"0–170","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"<10 – 170"}]},{"analyteId":"lead","name":"Lead","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-92-1","whatItIs":"A toxic metal that leaches into water from old service lines, solder, and plumbing fixtures.","whyItMatters":"There is no safe level of lead; it harms brain development in children and raises blood pressure in adults. The EPA sets an action level, not a health goal above zero.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","censored":true,"detectionLimit":5,"rawVerbatim":"< 5.0"},"federalStandard":{"type":"AL","value":15,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"p90","samplingContext":"at_the_tap","rawVerbatim":"< 5.0"}]},{"analyteId":"lithium","name":"Lithium","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-93-2","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring element found in some groundwater.","whyItMatters":"No enforceable federal limit; on the EPA contaminant candidate list for further study.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","censored":true,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"ND"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"ND"}]},{"analyteId":"manganese","name":"Manganese","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7439-96-5","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring metal from soil and rock.","whyItMatters":"No enforceable federal limit; high levels stain fixtures and laundry and can affect taste, with a health advisory for infants.","measured":{"value":24,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"24","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"24"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":50,"units":"ug/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":170,"low":0,"high":170,"kind":"range","display":"0–170","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"<20 – 170"},{"value":24,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"24","units":"ug/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"24"}]},{"analyteId":"sodium","name":"Sodium","family":"metal","familyLabel":"Metals","casrn":"7440-23-5","whatItIs":"A naturally occurring salt component.","whyItMatters":"Not federally regulated for health; relevant for people on sodium-restricted diets.","measured":{"value":23,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"23","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"23"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"detected","label":"Detected — no federal limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":27,"low":19,"high":27,"kind":"range","display":"19–27","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"19 – 27"},{"value":23,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"23","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"23"}]},{"analyteId":"ecoli","name":"Escherichia coli (E. coli)","family":"microbial","familyLabel":"Microbial","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Escherichia coli — bacteria found in the gut of humans and animals.","whyItMatters":"Its presence in drinking water indicates fecal contamination and a real risk of waterborne illness.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0","units":null,"statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"zone:Distribution System","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":0,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0","units":null,"statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"zone:Distribution System","rawVerbatim":"0"}]},{"analyteId":"pfas","name":"PFAS","family":"pfas","familyLabel":"PFAS (\"forever chemicals\")","casrn":null,"whatItIs":null,"whyItMatters":null,"measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","censored":true,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"ND"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"none","label":"None detected"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"ND"}]},{"analyteId":"hardness","name":"Hardness","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of dissolved calcium and magnesium minerals.","whyItMatters":"Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling, soap use, and taste.","measured":{"value":157,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"157","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"157"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"detected","label":"Detected — no federal limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":157,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"157","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"157"},{"value":239,"low":76,"high":239,"kind":"range","display":"76–239","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"76 – 239"}]},{"analyteId":"odor","name":"Odor","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of detectable smell in the water.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard.","measured":{"value":1.4,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"1.4","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"1.4"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":3,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":1.4,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"1.4","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"1.4"}]},{"analyteId":"specific_conductance","name":"Specific Conductance","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of how well water conducts electricity, which tracks dissolved mineral content.","whyItMatters":"Not federally regulated for health; used as a proxy for total dissolved solids.","measured":{"value":385,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"385","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"385"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":1600,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":648,"low":224,"high":648,"kind":"range","display":"224–648","units":null,"statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"224 – 648"},{"value":385,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"385","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"385"}]},{"analyteId":"toc","name":"TOC","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Total organic carbon — a measure of organic material dissolved in the water.","whyItMatters":"Not harmful itself, but it is the raw material that forms disinfection byproducts; removal is a treatment requirement.","measured":{"value":3.1,"low":1,"high":3.1,"kind":"range","display":"1–3.1","units":"%","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"All RAA ≥ 1.00\n1.4 – 3.1"},"federalStandard":null,"status":{"key":"detected","label":"Detected — no federal limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":3.1,"low":1,"high":3.1,"kind":"range","display":"1–3.1","units":"%","statisticType":"running_annual_avg","samplingContext":"system","rawVerbatim":"All RAA ≥ 1.00\n1.4 – 3.1"}]},{"analyteId":"tds","name":"Total Dissolved Solids","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Total dissolved solids — the combined content of all dissolved minerals and salts.","whyItMatters":"Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels affect taste and hardness.","measured":{"value":226,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"226","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"226"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":1000,"units":"mg/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":250,"low":180,"high":250,"kind":"range","display":"180–250","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"180 – 250"},{"value":226,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"226","units":"mg/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"226"}]},{"analyteId":"turbidity","name":"Turbidity","family":"physical_aggregate","familyLabel":"Physical & aggregate","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"A measure of cloudiness from suspended particles in the water.","whyItMatters":"High turbidity can shelter microbes from disinfection; the EPA enforces it through a treatment-technique standard.","measured":{"value":0.11,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.11","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","censored":false,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"0.11"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":5,"units":null,"enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[{"context":"plant:Drinking Water","label":"Drinking Water","kind":"plant","units":"","average":{"value":0.11,"display":"0.11"},"range":{"low":0.041,"high":0.59,"display":"0.041–0.59"},"ratio":0.118},{"context":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System Waterman","label":"Entry Point to Distribution System Waterman","kind":"plant","units":"NTU","average":null,"range":null,"ratio":null},{"context":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System NBR","label":"Entry Point to Distribution System NBR","kind":"plant","units":"NTU","average":null,"range":null,"ratio":null}],"measurements":[{"value":0.1,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.1","units":"NTU","statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System NBR","rawVerbatim":"Maximum = 0.10\n100"},{"value":0.11,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.11","units":null,"statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.11"},{"value":0.2,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"point","display":"0.2","units":"NTU","statisticType":"reported_level","samplingContext":"plant:Entry Point to Distribution System Waterman","rawVerbatim":"Maximum = 0.20\n100"},{"value":0.59,"low":0.041,"high":0.59,"kind":"range","display":"0.041–0.59","units":null,"statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Drinking Water","rawVerbatim":"0.041– 0.59"}]},{"analyteId":"combined_radium","name":"Combined Radium","family":"radionuclide","familyLabel":"Radionuclides","casrn":null,"whatItIs":"Combined radium-226 and radium-228 — naturally occurring radioactive elements.","whyItMatters":"Long-term exposure above the federal limit increases the risk of bone cancer.","measured":{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"pCi/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Source Water North Bay Aqueduct","censored":true,"detectionLimit":null,"rawVerbatim":"ND"},"federalStandard":{"type":"MCL","value":5,"units":"pCi/L","enforceable":true},"status":{"key":"under","label":"Within the limit"},"breakdowns":[],"measurements":[{"value":0,"low":null,"high":null,"kind":"non_detect","display":"Not detected","units":"pCi/L","statisticType":"average","samplingContext":"plant:Source Water North Bay Aqueduct","rawVerbatim":"ND"},{"value":1.17,"low":0,"high":1.17,"kind":"range","display":"0–1.17","units":"pCi/L","statisticType":"range","samplingContext":"plant:Source Water North Bay Aqueduct","rawVerbatim":"ND - 1.17"}]}]}}