# City of Clovis, CA — Drinking Water Quality (2023)

> Contaminant levels for the City of Clovis, CA public water system from its 2023 Consumer Confidence Report, compared to federal limits.

- Page: https://www.thewatermap.com/water/ca/clovis/2023
- JSON API: https://www.thewatermap.com/api/water/ca/clovis/2023
- Source: the utility's annual Consumer Confidence Report (CCR)
- Verification: transcribed by a model, cross-checked by a second model, approved before publishing
- Reporting year: 2023
- Contaminants measured: 111
- Contaminants with a federal limit: 67
- Contaminants at or above the federal limit: 2
- Part of The Water Map — https://www.thewatermap.com

## Contaminants measured

| Contaminant | Category | Measured level | Sampling context | Federal limit | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bromodichloromethane | Disinfection byproducts | 1.6815625 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Bromoform | Disinfection byproducts | 0.2628125 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Chloroform | Disinfection byproducts | 19.7146875 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Dibromochloromethane | Disinfection byproducts | 0.6975 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| HAA5 | Disinfection byproducts | 11.5 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | 60 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Perchlorate | Disinfection byproducts | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 6 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| TTHM | Disinfection byproducts | 21.9265625 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | 80 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Chloride | Inorganic chemicals | 8.915000000000001 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 500 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Cyanide | Inorganic chemicals | 2.5825 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 150 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Fluoride | Inorganic chemicals | 0.131 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 2 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Nitrate | Inorganic chemicals | 4.846063829787234 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 10 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Nitrite | Inorganic chemicals | 0.025750000000000002 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 1 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Sulfate | Inorganic chemicals | 10.71175 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 500 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Aluminum | Metals | 26.9 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 1000 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Antimony | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 6 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Arsenic | Metals | 1.6024999999999998 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 10 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Barium | Metals | 78.85 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 1000 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Beryllium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 4 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Boron | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Cadmium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Calcium | Metals | 13.59875 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Copper | Metals | 6.907500000000001 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 1000 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Iron | Metals | 80.73809523809524 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 300 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Lead | Metals | 2.3452380952380953 UG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Magnesium | Metals | 14.0675 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Manganese | Metals | 20 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 50 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Mercury | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 2 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Nickel | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 100 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Potassium | Metals | 2.17 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Selenium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 50 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Sodium | Metals | 21.2875 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Thallium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 2 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Zinc | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5000 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Carbon Tetrachloride | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 0.5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Chlorobenzene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 70 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Chromium | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 50 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Cis Dichloroethylene 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 6 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dbaa | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Dcaa | Other | 6.496875 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Deha | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 400 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dehp | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 4 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dichloroethane 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 0.5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dichloroethylene 11 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 6 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dichloropropane 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dinoseb | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 7 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Edb | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 0.05 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Mbaa | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Mcaa | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Nitrate Nitrite | Other | 3.232875 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 10 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| O Dichlorobenzene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 600 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| P Dichlorobenzene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Pce | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Pentachlorophenol | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Picloram | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 500 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Styrene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 100 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Tcaa | Other | 5.046875 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Tce | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trans Dichloroethylene 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 10 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trichlorobenzene 124 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trichloroethane 111 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 200 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trichloroethane 112 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Twofourd | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 70 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Vinyl Chloride | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 0.5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| 11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (11Cl-PF3OUdS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 4:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (4:2 FTS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NEtFOSAA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NMeFOSAA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMPA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid (PFMBA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid (PFEESA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 7.9 ng/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 1.2384615384615383 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoroheptanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 1.4000000000000001 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 8.8 ng/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 10 ng/L (MCL) | Approaching the limit |
| Perfluorohexanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 2.594871794871795 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorononanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 1.4564102564102563 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoropentanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 2.26 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| PFBA | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 1.9480000000000002 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| PFOA | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 18 ng/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 4 ng/L (MCL) | At or above the limit |
| PFOS | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 41 ng/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 4 ng/L (MCL) | At or above the limit |
| Alkalinity | Physical & aggregate | 91.88333333333334 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Color | Physical & aggregate | 3 UNITS (Average) | Source water | 15 UNITS (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Hardness | Physical & aggregate | 122.2675 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Odor | Physical & aggregate | 1.3 TON (Average) | Entry point | 3 TON (MCL) | Within the limit |
| pH | Physical & aggregate | 7.8225 PH (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Specific Conductance | Physical & aggregate | 336.2926829268293 UMHO/CM (Average) | Source water | 1600 UMHO/CM (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Total Dissolved Solids | Physical & aggregate | 236.35 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 1000 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Turbidity | Physical & aggregate | 0.46699999999999997 NTU (Average) | Source water | 5 NTU (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Combined Radium | Radionuclides | 0.24175 PCI/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Gross Alpha | Radionuclides | 2.266625 PCI/L (Average) | Source water | 15 PCI/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| 1,2,3-TCP | VOCs & pesticides | 0.0037982456140350875 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 0.005 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Atrazine | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Benzene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 0.2 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dalapon | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 200 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dichloromethane | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Ethylbenzene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 300 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Simazine | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 4 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Toluene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 150 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Xylenes | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 1750 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |

## What these contaminants are

- **Bromodichloromethane** — A trihalomethane disinfection byproduct. Counted within regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is associated with cancer and reproductive effects.
- **Bromoform** — A trihalomethane disinfection byproduct. Counted within regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is associated with liver and kidney effects.
- **Chloroform** — A trihalomethane formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter in water. A component of regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is linked to liver and kidney effects.
- **Dibromochloromethane** — A trihalomethane disinfection byproduct. Part of regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is linked to nervous-system, liver, and kidney effects.
- **HAA5** — Haloacetic acids — a group of five disinfection byproducts formed when disinfectants react with organic matter. Long-term exposure above the federal limit is associated with an increased cancer risk.
- **Perchlorate** — A chemical used in rocket fuel and fireworks that can also form during disinfection. Can interfere with thyroid hormone production; has no national enforceable limit but is regulated in some states.
- **TTHM** — Total trihalomethanes — a group of four chemicals (including chloroform) formed when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter. Long-term exposure above the federal limit is linked to liver, kidney, and central-nervous-system effects and increased cancer risk.
- **Chloride** — A naturally occurring salt compound. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels cause a salty taste and can corrode pipes.
- **Fluoride** — A mineral often added to drinking water to help prevent tooth decay. Beneficial at low levels, but long-term exposure above the federal limit can cause bone disease and tooth mottling.
- **Nitrate** — A compound from fertilizer runoff, septic systems, and erosion of natural deposits. Levels above the federal limit can cause 'blue baby syndrome,' a serious oxygen-transport condition in infants.
- **Nitrite** — A compound from fertilizer runoff, sewage, and erosion of natural deposits. Like nitrate, elevated levels can cause 'blue baby syndrome' in infants.
- **Sulfate** — A naturally occurring mineral from rock and soil. No health-based federal limit; high levels can have a laxative effect and a bitter taste.
- **Aluminum** — A common element sometimes used as a treatment coagulant. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels can discolor water.
- **Arsenic** — A naturally occurring element that also enters water from industry and agriculture. A known human carcinogen; long-term exposure is linked to skin, bladder, and lung cancer.
- **Barium** — A metal from erosion of natural deposits and industrial discharge. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can raise blood pressure.
- **Boron** — A naturally occurring element from rock and soil. No enforceable federal limit; the EPA has issued a health advisory level.
- **Calcium** — A naturally occurring mineral that contributes to water hardness. Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling and taste.
- **Copper** — A metal that enters water from corroding household plumbing. Short-term exposure causes stomach distress; long-term exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.
- **Iron** — A naturally occurring metal common in groundwater. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; causes rusty color, staining, and metallic taste.
- **Lead** — A toxic metal that leaches into water from old service lines, solder, and plumbing fixtures. There is no safe level of lead; it harms brain development in children and raises blood pressure in adults. The EPA sets an action level, not a health goal above zero.
- **Magnesium** — A naturally occurring mineral that contributes to water hardness. Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling and taste.
- **Manganese** — A naturally occurring metal from soil and rock. No enforceable federal limit; high levels stain fixtures and laundry and can affect taste, with a health advisory for infants.
- **Mercury** — A toxic metal from erosion of natural deposits and industrial runoff. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can damage the kidneys.
- **Nickel** — A metal from natural deposits and industrial discharge. Long-term exposure can cause skin and other effects; monitored under EPA rules.
- **Potassium** — A naturally occurring mineral from rock and soil. Not federally regulated for health.
- **Selenium** — A trace element from natural deposits and industrial discharge. Essential in tiny amounts, but long-term exposure above the federal limit can cause hair and fingernail loss and circulatory problems.
- **Sodium** — A naturally occurring salt component. Not federally regulated for health; relevant for people on sodium-restricted diets.
- **Zinc** — A naturally occurring metal that can also enter water from corroding pipes. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels cause a metallic taste.
- **11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (11Cl-PF3OUdS)** — 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid, a chlorinated PFAS compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA)** — ADONA, a newer-generation PFAS replacement compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **4:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (4:2 FTS)** — 4:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS)** — 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTS)** — 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS)** — 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid, a chlorinated PFAS compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid** — HFPO-DA ('GenX chemicals'), a newer-generation PFAS replacement compound. Regulated by the EPA at 10 parts per trillion and included in the PFAS Hazard Index.
- **N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NEtFOSAA)** — N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (NMeFOSAA)** — N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMPA)** — Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid (PFMBA)** — Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid (PFEESA)** — Perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid** — Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, a shorter-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Has no standalone limit but is part of the EPA PFAS Hazard Index that limits PFAS in combination.
- **Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)** — Perfluorodecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA)** — Perfluorododecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS)** — Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluoroheptanoic acid** — Perfluoroheptanoic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid** — Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Regulated by the EPA at 10 parts per trillion and included in the PFAS Hazard Index.
- **Perfluorohexanoic acid** — Perfluorohexanoic acid, a shorter-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and widely detected.
- **Perfluorononanoic acid** — Perfluorononanoic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Regulated by the EPA at 10 parts per trillion and included in the PFAS Hazard Index.
- **Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS)** — Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluoropentanoic acid** — Perfluoropentanoic acid, a shorter-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA)** — Perfluorotetradecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA)** — Perfluorotridecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA)** — Perfluoroundecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **PFBA** — Perfluorobutanoic acid, a shorter-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment and the human body.
- **PFOA** — Perfluorooctanoic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical' once used in nonstick and stain-resistant products. Linked to cancer, liver damage, and immune effects; the EPA set an enforceable limit of 4 parts per trillion.
- **PFOS** — Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical' once used in firefighting foam and coatings. Linked to cancer, thyroid disease, and immune effects; the EPA set an enforceable limit of 4 parts per trillion.
- **Alkalinity** — A measure of the water's capacity to neutralize acids. Not federally regulated for health; relevant to corrosion control and treatment.
- **Color** — A measure of visible tint in the water. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard.
- **Hardness** — A measure of dissolved calcium and magnesium minerals. Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling, soap use, and taste.
- **Odor** — A measure of detectable smell in the water. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard.
- **pH** — A measure of how acidic or basic the water is. Regulated only as a secondary standard; very low or high pH can corrode pipes or affect taste.
- **Specific Conductance** — A measure of how well water conducts electricity, which tracks dissolved mineral content. Not federally regulated for health; used as a proxy for total dissolved solids.
- **Total Dissolved Solids** — Total dissolved solids — the combined content of all dissolved minerals and salts. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels affect taste and hardness.
- **Turbidity** — A measure of cloudiness from suspended particles in the water. High turbidity can shelter microbes from disinfection; the EPA enforces it through a treatment-technique standard.
- **Combined Radium** — Combined radium-226 and radium-228 — naturally occurring radioactive elements. Long-term exposure above the federal limit increases the risk of bone cancer.
- **Gross Alpha** — Gross alpha particle activity — a combined measure of alpha-emitting radioactive substances. Long-term exposure above the federal limit increases cancer risk.
- **Atrazine** — A widely used agricultural herbicide that reaches water through runoff. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can affect the cardiovascular and reproductive systems.
- **Xylenes** — A group of industrial solvents found in gasoline and paint. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can damage the nervous system.

## How to read this

- A water-quality report covers an entire service area, not a single address.
- 'Federal limit' is the EPA standard (MCL, action level, treatment technique, etc.) that the measured level is compared against.
- 'At or above the federal limit' means the utility's own reported figure met or exceeded that standard.

_Figures are the utility's own published numbers. Generated 2026-05-26 from thewatermap.com._