# Riverside, City of, CA — Drinking Water Quality (2023)

> Contaminant levels for the Riverside, City of, CA public water system from its 2023 Consumer Confidence Report, compared to federal limits.

- Page: https://www.thewatermap.com/water/ca/riverside/2023
- JSON API: https://www.thewatermap.com/api/water/ca/riverside/2023
- Source: the utility's annual Consumer Confidence Report (CCR)
- Verification: transcribed by a model, cross-checked by a second model, approved before publishing
- Reporting year: 2023
- Contaminants measured: 129
- Contaminants with a federal limit: 81
- Contaminants at or above the federal limit: 2
- Part of The Water Map — https://www.thewatermap.com

## Contaminants measured

| Contaminant | Category | Measured level | Sampling context | Federal limit | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bromodichloromethane | Disinfection byproducts | 0.3090277777777778 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Bromoform | Disinfection byproducts | 0.6496527777777777 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Chlorate | Disinfection byproducts | 42.6 UG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Chloroform | Disinfection byproducts | 0.2859223300970874 UG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Dibromochloromethane | Disinfection byproducts | 0.5613888888888889 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| HAA5 | Disinfection byproducts | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 60 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine | Disinfection byproducts | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| NDMA | Disinfection byproducts | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perchlorate | Disinfection byproducts | 5.42716049382716 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 6 UG/L (MCL) | Approaching the limit |
| TTHM | Disinfection byproducts | 3.154166666666667 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | 80 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Asbestos | Inorganic chemicals | Not detected MFL (Highest single sample) | Source water | 7 MFL (MCL) | None detected |
| Chloride | Inorganic chemicals | 32.567567567567565 MG/L (Average) | Entry point | 500 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Cyanide | Inorganic chemicals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 150 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Fluoride | Inorganic chemicals | 0.5092 MG/L (Average) | Source water | 2 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Nitrate | Inorganic chemicals | 6.477241379310345 MG/L (Average) | Entry point | 10 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Nitrite | Inorganic chemicals | Not detected MG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 1 MG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Sulfate | Inorganic chemicals | 66.04545454545455 MG/L (Average) | Distribution | 500 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Aluminum | Metals | 136.36 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 1000 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Antimony | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 6 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Arsenic | Metals | 5.587755102040816 UG/L (Average) | Other | 10 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Barium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 1000 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Beryllium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 4 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Boron | Metals | 120 UG/L (Average) | Entry point | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Cadmium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Calcium | Metals | 34.07432432432432 MG/L (Average) | Entry point | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Chromium, Hexavalent | Metals | 2.6375 UG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Copper | Metals | 13.043478260869565 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | 1000 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Iron | Metals | 34.795918367346935 UG/L (Average) | Other | 300 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Lead | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Lithium | Metals | 9.1 mg/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Magnesium | Metals | 9.992 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Manganese | Metals | 7.224489795918367 UG/L (Average) | Other | 50 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Mercury | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 2 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Nickel | Metals | 11.76 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 100 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Potassium | Metals | 3.1545454545454548 MG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Selenium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 50 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Silica | Metals | 23.666666666666668 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Sodium | Metals | 42.95454545454545 MG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Thallium | Metals | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 2 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Vanadium | Metals | 6.116666666666667 UG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Zinc | Metals | 12.12 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 5000 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Carbofuran | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 18 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Carbon Tetrachloride | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 0.5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Chlordane | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 0.1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Chlorobenzene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 70 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Chromium | Other | 0.8108108108108109 UG/L (Average) | Entry point | 50 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Cis Dichloroethylene 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 6 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dbaa | Other | 0.5270833333333333 UG/L (Average) | Distribution | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Dcaa | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Deha | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 400 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dehp | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 4 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dichloroethane 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 0.5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dichloroethylene 11 | Other | 0.28067961165048544 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 6 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Dichloropropane 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dinoseb | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 7 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Diquat | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 20 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Edb | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 0.05 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Endothall | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 100 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Endrin | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 2 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Glyphosate | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 700 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Heptachlor | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 0.01 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Heptachlor Epoxide | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 0.01 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Hexachlorobenzene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 50 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Mbaa | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Mcaa | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Methoxychlor | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 30 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| O Dichlorobenzene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 600 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Oxamyl | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 50 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| P Dichlorobenzene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Pcb Total | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 0.5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Pce | Other | 0.2647115384615385 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Pentachlorophenol | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Picloram | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 500 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Styrene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 100 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Tcaa | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Tce | Other | 1.7050862068965515 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Toxaphene | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 3 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trans Dichloroethylene 12 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 10 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trichlorobenzene 124 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trichloroethane 111 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 200 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Trichloroethane 112 | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Twofourd | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 70 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Vinyl Chloride | Other | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 0.5 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| 11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (11Cl-PF3OUdS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | No federal limit | None detected |
| 4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 4:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (4:2 FTS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| 9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMPA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid (PFMBA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid (PFEESA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 1.1362416107382551 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Perfluoroheptanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 2.1419463087248323 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorohexanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 6.009395973154362 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluorononanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 0.9963087248322147 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 1.0778523489932885 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluoropentanoic acid | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 6.909060402684564 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | Not detected NG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | No federal limit | None detected |
| PFBA | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 4.133557046979866 NG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| PFOS | PFAS ("forever chemicals") | 4 ng/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 4 ng/L (MCL) | At or above the limit |
| Alkalinity | Physical & aggregate | 127.23333333333333 MG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Color | Physical & aggregate | 1.5095541401273886 UNITS (Average) | Entry point | 15 UNITS (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Hardness | Physical & aggregate | 204.05405405405406 MG/L (Average) | Entry point | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Odor | Physical & aggregate | Not detected TON (Highest single sample) | Source water | 3 TON (MCL) | None detected |
| pH | Physical & aggregate | 7.9222222222222225 PH (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Specific Conductance | Physical & aggregate | 567.2 UMHO/CM (Average) | Source water | 1600 UMHO/CM (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Total Dissolved Solids | Physical & aggregate | 340.9917355371901 MG/L (Average) | Entry point | 1000 MG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Turbidity | Physical & aggregate | 0.07445859872611464 NTU (Average) | Entry point | 5 NTU (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Combined Radium | Radionuclides | 0.2511904761904762 PCI/L (Average) | Entry point | 5 PCI/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Gross Alpha | Radionuclides | 8.905454545454546 PCI/L (Average) | Source water | 15 PCI/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Uranium | Radionuclides | 13.337735849056603 PCI/L (Average) | Source water | 20 PCI/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| 1,2,3-TCP | VOCs & pesticides | 0.008833333333333334 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 0.005 UG/L (MCL) | At or above the limit |
| Atrazine | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Benzene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 1 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 0.2 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Chloroethane | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | No federal limit | None detected |
| Chloromethane | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | No federal limit | None detected |
| Dalapon | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 200 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Dichlorodifluoromethane | VOCs & pesticides | 0.2538834951456311 UG/L (Average) | Source water | No federal limit | Detected — no federal limit |
| Dichloromethane | VOCs & pesticides | 0.3213592233009709 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 5 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Ethylbenzene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Distribution | 300 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Simazine | VOCs & pesticides | 0.4813695652173913 UG/L (Average) | Source water | 4 UG/L (MCL) | Within the limit |
| Toluene | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Source water | 150 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |
| Xylenes | VOCs & pesticides | Not detected UG/L (Highest single sample) | Entry point | 1750 UG/L (MCL) | None detected |

## What these contaminants are

- **Bromodichloromethane** — A trihalomethane disinfection byproduct. Counted within regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is associated with cancer and reproductive effects.
- **Bromoform** — A trihalomethane disinfection byproduct. Counted within regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is associated with liver and kidney effects.
- **Chlorate** — A byproduct that can form during disinfection, especially when hypochlorite solutions degrade. Has no enforceable federal limit but is on the EPA contaminant candidate list; high levels can affect the thyroid.
- **Chloroform** — A trihalomethane formed when chlorine reacts with organic matter in water. A component of regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is linked to liver and kidney effects.
- **Dibromochloromethane** — A trihalomethane disinfection byproduct. Part of regulated total trihalomethanes; long-term exposure is linked to nervous-system, liver, and kidney effects.
- **HAA5** — Haloacetic acids — a group of five disinfection byproducts formed when disinfectants react with organic matter. Long-term exposure above the federal limit is associated with an increased cancer risk.
- **Perchlorate** — A chemical used in rocket fuel and fireworks that can also form during disinfection. Can interfere with thyroid hormone production; has no national enforceable limit but is regulated in some states.
- **TTHM** — Total trihalomethanes — a group of four chemicals (including chloroform) formed when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter. Long-term exposure above the federal limit is linked to liver, kidney, and central-nervous-system effects and increased cancer risk.
- **Chloride** — A naturally occurring salt compound. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels cause a salty taste and can corrode pipes.
- **Fluoride** — A mineral often added to drinking water to help prevent tooth decay. Beneficial at low levels, but long-term exposure above the federal limit can cause bone disease and tooth mottling.
- **Nitrate** — A compound from fertilizer runoff, septic systems, and erosion of natural deposits. Levels above the federal limit can cause 'blue baby syndrome,' a serious oxygen-transport condition in infants.
- **Nitrite** — A compound from fertilizer runoff, sewage, and erosion of natural deposits. Like nitrate, elevated levels can cause 'blue baby syndrome' in infants.
- **Sulfate** — A naturally occurring mineral from rock and soil. No health-based federal limit; high levels can have a laxative effect and a bitter taste.
- **Aluminum** — A common element sometimes used as a treatment coagulant. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels can discolor water.
- **Arsenic** — A naturally occurring element that also enters water from industry and agriculture. A known human carcinogen; long-term exposure is linked to skin, bladder, and lung cancer.
- **Barium** — A metal from erosion of natural deposits and industrial discharge. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can raise blood pressure.
- **Boron** — A naturally occurring element from rock and soil. No enforceable federal limit; the EPA has issued a health advisory level.
- **Calcium** — A naturally occurring mineral that contributes to water hardness. Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling and taste.
- **Chromium, Hexavalent** — Hexavalent chromium ('chromium-6') — the more toxic form of chromium. A known carcinogen by inhalation; regulated nationally only within the total-chromium limit, with stricter limits in some states.
- **Copper** — A metal that enters water from corroding household plumbing. Short-term exposure causes stomach distress; long-term exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.
- **Iron** — A naturally occurring metal common in groundwater. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; causes rusty color, staining, and metallic taste.
- **Lead** — A toxic metal that leaches into water from old service lines, solder, and plumbing fixtures. There is no safe level of lead; it harms brain development in children and raises blood pressure in adults. The EPA sets an action level, not a health goal above zero.
- **Lithium** — A naturally occurring element found in some groundwater. No enforceable federal limit; on the EPA contaminant candidate list for further study.
- **Magnesium** — A naturally occurring mineral that contributes to water hardness. Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling and taste.
- **Manganese** — A naturally occurring metal from soil and rock. No enforceable federal limit; high levels stain fixtures and laundry and can affect taste, with a health advisory for infants.
- **Mercury** — A toxic metal from erosion of natural deposits and industrial runoff. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can damage the kidneys.
- **Nickel** — A metal from natural deposits and industrial discharge. Long-term exposure can cause skin and other effects; monitored under EPA rules.
- **Potassium** — A naturally occurring mineral from rock and soil. Not federally regulated for health.
- **Selenium** — A trace element from natural deposits and industrial discharge. Essential in tiny amounts, but long-term exposure above the federal limit can cause hair and fingernail loss and circulatory problems.
- **Silica** — A naturally occurring compound from sand and rock. Not federally regulated for health; relevant mainly for industrial water use.
- **Sodium** — A naturally occurring salt component. Not federally regulated for health; relevant for people on sodium-restricted diets.
- **Zinc** — A naturally occurring metal that can also enter water from corroding pipes. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels cause a metallic taste.
- **11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (11Cl-PF3OUdS)** — 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid, a chlorinated PFAS compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA)** — ADONA, a newer-generation PFAS replacement compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **4:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (4:2 FTS)** — 4:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS)** — 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTS)** — 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS)** — 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid, a chlorinated PFAS compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid** — HFPO-DA ('GenX chemicals'), a newer-generation PFAS replacement compound. Regulated by the EPA at 10 parts per trillion and included in the PFAS Hazard Index.
- **Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMPA)** — Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid (PFMBA)** — Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid (PFEESA)** — Perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid, a PFAS-related compound. Monitored under EPA rules as part of broad PFAS surveillance.
- **Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA)** — Perfluorodecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA)** — Perfluorododecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS)** — Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluoroheptanoic acid** — Perfluoroheptanoic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluorohexanoic acid** — Perfluorohexanoic acid, a shorter-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and widely detected.
- **Perfluorononanoic acid** — Perfluorononanoic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Regulated by the EPA at 10 parts per trillion and included in the PFAS Hazard Index.
- **Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS)** — Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluoropentanoic acid** — Perfluoropentanoic acid, a shorter-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment.
- **Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA)** — Perfluoroundecanoic acid, a longer-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent and bioaccumulative.
- **PFBA** — Perfluorobutanoic acid, a shorter-chain PFAS 'forever chemical.' Monitored under EPA rules; persistent in the environment and the human body.
- **PFOS** — Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, a PFAS 'forever chemical' once used in firefighting foam and coatings. Linked to cancer, thyroid disease, and immune effects; the EPA set an enforceable limit of 4 parts per trillion.
- **Alkalinity** — A measure of the water's capacity to neutralize acids. Not federally regulated for health; relevant to corrosion control and treatment.
- **Color** — A measure of visible tint in the water. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard.
- **Hardness** — A measure of dissolved calcium and magnesium minerals. Not federally regulated for health; affects scaling, soap use, and taste.
- **Odor** — A measure of detectable smell in the water. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard.
- **pH** — A measure of how acidic or basic the water is. Regulated only as a secondary standard; very low or high pH can corrode pipes or affect taste.
- **Specific Conductance** — A measure of how well water conducts electricity, which tracks dissolved mineral content. Not federally regulated for health; used as a proxy for total dissolved solids.
- **Total Dissolved Solids** — Total dissolved solids — the combined content of all dissolved minerals and salts. Regulated only as a secondary (cosmetic) standard; high levels affect taste and hardness.
- **Turbidity** — A measure of cloudiness from suspended particles in the water. High turbidity can shelter microbes from disinfection; the EPA enforces it through a treatment-technique standard.
- **Combined Radium** — Combined radium-226 and radium-228 — naturally occurring radioactive elements. Long-term exposure above the federal limit increases the risk of bone cancer.
- **Gross Alpha** — Gross alpha particle activity — a combined measure of alpha-emitting radioactive substances. Long-term exposure above the federal limit increases cancer risk.
- **Uranium** — A naturally occurring radioactive metal from erosion of natural deposits. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can damage the kidneys and increase cancer risk.
- **Atrazine** — A widely used agricultural herbicide that reaches water through runoff. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can affect the cardiovascular and reproductive systems.
- **Chloroethane** — A volatile organic compound used in some industrial processes. Monitored under EPA rules; without its own enforceable national limit.
- **Xylenes** — A group of industrial solvents found in gasoline and paint. Long-term exposure above the federal limit can damage the nervous system.

## How to read this

- A water-quality report covers an entire service area, not a single address.
- 'Federal limit' is the EPA standard (MCL, action level, treatment technique, etc.) that the measured level is compared against.
- 'At or above the federal limit' means the utility's own reported figure met or exceeded that standard.

_Figures are the utility's own published numbers. Generated 2026-05-26 from thewatermap.com._